Nobel Prize Winners 2022
Physics
Awarded to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger for "experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science."
Chemistry
Awarded to Carolyn Bertozzi, Morton Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry."
First, Sharpless coined the concept for click chemistry, where reactions occur quickly and unwanted by-products are avoided. Then Meldal found the chemical reaction for mapping DNA. Next, Bertozzi applied this to living organisms, to track biomolecules on the surface of cells.
Physiology or Medicine
Awarded to Svante Paabo, "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution."
Paabo discovered a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. He determined that gene transfer occurred to homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and his work gave rise to a new scientific discipline: paleogenomics.
Awarded to Annie Ernaux "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements, and collective restraints of personal memory."
She is a French writer and professor of literature. Her work is often autobiographical as well as sociological.
Peace
Awarded to human rights advocate Ales Bialiatski from Belarus; the Russian human rights organization, Memorial; and the Ukrainian human rights organization, Center for Civil Liberties.
"They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together the demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."
Economics
Awarded to Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond, and Philip Dybvig "for research on banks and financial crises." They have demonstrated the importance of preventing widespread bank collapses.
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