Physics Awarded to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger for "experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science." Chemistry Awarded to Carolyn Bertozzi, Morton Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry." First, Sharpless coined the concept for click chemistry, where reactions occur quickly and unwanted by-products are avoided. Then Meldal found the chemical reaction for mapping DNA. Next, Bertozzi applied this to living organisms, to track biomolecules on the surface of cells. Physiology or Medicine Awarded to Svante Paabo, "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution." Paabo discovered a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. He determined that gene transfer occurred to homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and his work gave rise to a new...